What's Tencent's "Horse racing mechanism"?
- Get link
- X
- Other Apps
Let’s start exploring this book by recalling The author Dr.LIU RUN Insight
“Mathematics is the language used to describe the nature
of everything’’.
Let’s together
explore what’s everything?
Who's the author?
刘润 is a well-regarded business consultant and author known for his expertise in applying mathematical thinking to business management. A graduate of Nanjing University with a degree in Mathematics and an MBA from Fudan University, he combines theoretical knowledge with practical insights. His previous works, including the first volume of "底层逻辑," have received acclaim for shedding light on complex business concepts through the lens of logical and quantitative reasoning.
2-刘润 (Liu Run) , founder of Runmi Consulting, will lead you to higher-dimensional thinking and explore the business treasures contained in numbers!
What is the main thesis of "底层逻辑2"?
1-The main thesis of "底层逻辑2" is that to navigate the complexities of the
business world, one must understand the fundamental logic underlying various
phenomena.
2-The author, 刘润, emphasizes that grasping this "底层逻辑" (underlying logic) is
crucial for making informed decisions in business and life.
Who is the target audience for this book?
-The target audience includes business professionals, entrepreneurs, and anyone
interested in improving their understanding of the commercial world and
decision-making processes. It's particularly beneficial for those looking to
enhance their analytical skills through mathematical thinking.
How does the author relate mathematics to business logic?
1-The author argues that mathematics serves as the language to describe the
essence of various phenomena, enabling readers to grasp the underlying logic
that can be applied to real-world business situations.
2- By applying mathematical concepts, readers can gain
clearer insights and frameworks for analysis.
What practical benefits does the book offer?
1-Readers can expect to develop a structured approach to problem-solving and
decision-making.
2- The book provides frameworks that help identify
patterns in data and enables a deeper understanding of market dynamics.
How does the book differentiate itself from other business books?
-Unlike many business books that may focus on anecdotal experiences or case
studies, "底层逻辑2" emphasizes a systematic understanding of
fundamental principles through logic and mathematics. This approach aims to
cultivate a deeper comprehension that transcends surface-level knowledge.
What is the book about?
-This is a book that takes mathematical thinking at its core and delves into
the underlying logic of the business world.
1-The book details the connection between mathematical language and the nature
of phenomena, understands and interprets corporate financial statements through
four basic mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, reveals the role of variance in understanding group differences, and
explores the importance of probability in entrepreneurial decision-making.
2-In the creation of the Cartesian coordinate system, the author explains how
to use mathematical tools to understand and analyze the complex business world.
3-At the same time, through the concept of ascending thinking, the author
reveals the importance of ascending thinking in understanding and coping with
complex business environments.
4-In addition, the book explains in detail the concept and power of exponential
growth and the importance of power-law distributions in career choice.
5-In discussing the impact of entrepreneurs' personal abilities on the basic
success rate, the authors make itclear that the stronger the entrepreneurs
personal abilities, the more effective they are at solving
problems and making decisions when faced with difficulties and challenges.
6-At the same time, the author also reminds us that the success of
entrepreneurship often depends on a combination of factors, and these factors
are often beyond the scope of individual ability.
7-In the section on Using Statistics to identify Lies in Business, the author
reveals the pitfalls of statistics, such as
the Fundamental Ratio Fallacy and survivor Bias, and teaches us how to use
statistics properly.
What's the Connection between
Mathematical Language and
Phenomnenal Essence?
1-The Connection between the language of mathematics and the nature of
phenomena, is the process by which we understand and parse the nature behind
phenomena through the language of mathematics.
2-In business, we often need
the language of mathematics to
understand business models, develop strategies and make decisions. Therefore,To
understand and master the
language of mathematics is to have the key to understand and parse the business
World.
3-In the book, the author mentioned the"tactical dimension"
"innovation dimension,""mode dimension," 'time
dimension""strategic dimension" and "probability
dimension"and other six dimensions of thinking.
4-These ways of thinking, in fact, are the application of mathematical language
to the field of business.
For example:
"zero dimension" refers to focusing on the present and optimizing
Current strategies, while "one dimension" refers to looking to the
future and choosing the right direction
for long-term development. For example,"two-dimensional (mode
dimension)" and "three-dimensional (innovation
dimension)" are the basis for building business models and carrying out
technological innovation, respectively.
5-Through the use of these ways of thinking, we can better understand and
analyze the nature behind the phenomenon.
For example:
when you understand the "one-dimensional (strategic
dimension)," you will understand that only from a global perspective can
you choose the right strategic direction.
What's the relationship between industry characteristics and basic success
rate?
1-It is mainly discussed in the context of a specific industry, Entrepreneurs
may encounter the probability of success, which involves a lot of factors,
including the entrepreneur's personal ability, industry characteristics,
competition, and even a variety of possible policy constraints and unexpected
situations.
2-Let's say you're starting a business and going into smartphone manufacturing.
The characteristics of this industry may include a high degree of industry
concentration, that is, the existing players in the market have occupied most
of the market share, and new entrants face strong competitive pressure. In
addition, the industry is also facing huge technological innovation, which may
mean that you need to invest a lot of money and human resources in R & D
and innovation.
3-Basic success rate is the combination of these factors, your business will be
able to operate successfully This probability may vary depending on factors
such as your personal experience, the competence of your team, your
understanding of the industry, and so on. It may be as high as 80% or as low as
20%.
4-But the overall success rate is different, It is the probability that you
will succeed at least once in your many attempts at entrepreneurship. The math
tells us that if the basic success rate is not high, but as long as you keep
trying, through multiple ventures, your overall success rate will continue to
increase. For example, if your base success rate is 20%, your overall success
rate of 10 attempts may increase to 99.44%.
5-And that introduces another concept, which is that Failure is the mother of
success. Failure itself is not scary. What matters is what you learned from it
and
and whether your basic success rate improved as a result.Just like
we did in the sweepstakes game, you draw ten times and you don't win, but each
time you learn something new that might help you win better the next time.
What is The Influence of Entrepreneur's Personal Ability on Basic Success
Rate?
1-The Influence of Entrepreneur's Personal Ability on Basic Success Rate, lt is
mainly shown in whether they have successful entrepreneurial experience,
whether they have the ability to face challenges and overcome difficulties.
2-The stronger the individual ability of entrepreneurs, the more effective they
are in solving problems and making decisions in the face of difficulties and
challenges.
For example:
Entrepreneurs with previous entrepreneurial experience may be better at using
past experience to improve the efficiency and accuracy of entrepreneurship
process.
3-The success of entrepreneurship depends not only on the individual ability of
entrepreneurs, but also on many other factors, such as the degree of
competition in the industry, the degree of policy support, and whether it
encounters unexpected situations, and so on. Even if the entrepreneur's
personal ability is very strong, it may be affected by these factors, resulting
in the failure of entrepreneurship. This is called the base success rate.
What's the relationship between Mean Reversion and Family IQ?
1-Mean Reversion and Family IQ Inheritance In the case of the Kai Dynasty emperor,
his IQ may be 130, which belongs to the high
IQ range in the family. But the next generation won't necessarily have an IQ
of 130.
2-Instead, the IQ of the next generation may be randomly distributed within the
family's "IQ bandwidth," which is between 95 and 135,
but in most cases tends to be 115. This is called mean
regression.
3-In real life, we can see an interesting phenomenon. Many places where smart
people gather, such as Haidian District in Beijing, are home to a large number
of Internet companies that recruit graduates from prestigious universities with
high salaries.
4-In the family, these
Internet companies that recruit graduates from prestigious universities with
high salaries. In the family, these graduates may be particularly lucky after
several generations of oscillating inheritance, breaking the average and even
reaching the upper limit of the family IQ.
4-However, most of the next generation of these "abnormal
generations" become a will "reversion" and normal person. This
is becauseMean reversion of IQ occurs in every generation..
5-In response to this situation, ancient emperors adopted a strategy of
"having more sons and choosing the best," that is, by increasing the
"number of attempts" (i.e., the number of sons), thereby increasing
the "overall success rate" (i.e., the probability of finding a good
son). In this way, although some sons may not be smart enough, it is enough to
have a good son.
For example:
In Tencent's "horse racing mechanism," the company arranged for three
teams to carry out product research and development at the same time. The end
result is that Zhang Xiaolong team is successful, but this does not mean that
the QQ team or other teams are not excellent because their efforts are
recognized and rewarded. This approach is also the embodiment of the strategy
of "more sons and better ones."
What's the relationship between Math Logic and business world?
1-The underlying logic of sustained success is a mathematical formula.The Cooperative
Competitive Logic of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division in the
Business World
2-The Logic of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, and Co-
Competition in the Business World is a tool for in-depth analysis of business
operations. Its core concept is to understand and deal with the competition and
cooperation of enterprises with digital logic. This logic is based on the four
simple operators of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, but it
largely determines the direction and outcome of business
based on the four simple operators of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, but it largely determines the direction and outcome of business
decisions.
3-In business operations,Addition symbolizes co-dimensional cooperation, as if
each member of a team works together in the same way and with the same weight,
contributing to the overall goal of the team. This way of cooperation can give
full play to everyone's advantages and achieve the effect of "1 + 1 >
For example:
You arrange 10 salesmen, SO that everyone can
independently develop customers and go home, which is to manage the company
with addition.
4-Multiplication is a symbol of heterodimensional cooperation.In this
model, each person contributes in a different way, with different weights, to
the overall goal of the team. This type of cooperation often requires a high
degree of understanding and coordination between members.
For example:
Shell search divides the job of a real estate agency
consultant into 10 roles. They have different divisions of labor. No one can do
all the sales work independently, and they need to collaborate with each other
to complete a single order. This is heterogeneous cooperation. This is the
multiplication of the business world.
5-In the transformation of cooperation and competition, Subtraction plays an
important role in business activities, all situations involving the allocation
of resources can be seen as "sharing the pie," which is essentially a
competition of the same dimension.
For example:
if there are 10 steamed buns in a pot and they need to be
divided among 10 people, if someone is greedy and takes away two, then one
person will definitely not get it. This is a typical competitive situation.
-And when it comes to budget allocation, things change again, and different
dimensions of competition come into play. For example, if a budget is $100,000, it
needs to be split between two product lines. Then each product line can fight
for this budget, but the condition is that the expected return of this budget
must be higher than its investment. This is actually a "division"
operation. Here, the competitor for each product line becomes itself, which
needs to increase revenue capacity to get more budget.
"Cooperation by multiplication, competition by division". Dr. Liu Run
What's the Mathematical Logic of Financial Statement?
1-The mathematical logic of financial statements is a method of analyzing and
interpreting statements a company's financial through four basic mathematical
operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
2- The logic goes, All the numbers in a financial statement, including assets,
liabilities, shareholders' equity, revenues, costs, etc., can be expressed and
calculated using the four basic operations of mathematics.
For example:
The relationship between assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity can be
understood as the addition formula: assets = liabilities + shareholders'
equity.
3-In analyzing the financial statements, Plus and minus is used to understand
the company's business strategy and financial situation
For example:
1-By adding together the assets and stockholders' equity of a company, the
total value of the company can be obtained; By summing up the company's
revenues and subtracting costs, the company's total profit can be obtained. and
The multiplication and division rules are primarily used to understand a
company's profitability and operational efficiency.
For example:
-By dividing a company's net profit by its total assets, the return on equity
can be obtained, which is an important indicator of a company's profitability;
By dividing a company's sales revenue by its inventory, the inventory turnover
rate
-The return on equity can be obtained, which is an important indicator of a
company's profitability; By dividing a company's sales revenue by its
inventory, the inventory turnover rate can be derived, which is an important
measure of the efficiency of a company's operations.
-Taking the calculation of the cash ratio in the balance sheet as an example,
the cash ratio = cash assets / current liabilities, we can understand the
numerator as the cash held by the company, and the denominator as the debt that
the company needs to repay in the short term.
- Through this simple division operation, we can learn about a company's
ability to pay off short-term debt in real time, which helps us judge the
financial health of the company
What's The Life and Achievements of René Descartes?
1-René Descartes was Famous French philosopher, mathematician and physicistof
the United States. His main contribution lay in creating a new branch of math -
analytic geometry.
2- By introducing the concepts of Cartesian coordinate system and variable
algebra, mathematics is separated from traditional geometry successfully, and
the applied field of mathematics is expanded.
3-Descartes created a Cartesian coordinate system process is full of innovative
thinking. By observing the movement of spiders in three-dimensional space, he
refined the method of expressing the position of points by the distance of
motion in three directions. Taking the corner as the origin, he simplified the
spider's movement into a series of up down, back - to - back and left - to -
right movements, and used (x, y, z) axes to indicate the position of the point
in the three dimensional space. In this way, Descartes succeeded in making
abstract mathematical concepts concrete and easy for everyone to understand and
master.
4-Analytic geometry is understanding and widely used in analyzing the business
world. It geometrizes algebraic problems so that we can understand complex
relationships, such as market trends and consumer behavior, more intuitively
through graphs.
5- In addition, in the face of a lot of complex data and issues, analytic
geometry can also play a huge role. With analytic geometry, entrepreneurs can
reduce complex problems to intuitive shapes, making it easier to find
solutions.
What's The Cartesian Coordinates System?
1--The process of creating Cartesian coordinate system was discovered by
the French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes.
2-He observed that the movement of a spider in three- dimensional space can be
broken down into a series of up and down, back and forth, and left and right
movements. He used the corner of the wall as a starting point, and used the
distance of movement in all three directions to accurately describe the
spider's position.
-According to this phenomenon, Descartes created a rectangular coordinate
system called the Cartesian coordinate system.
3-He uses three mutually perpendicular axes, the X, Y and Z axes, to describe
the position of points in this three- dimensional space. The intersection of
these three axes is the corner. In this way, Descartes succeeded in
mathematically describing the three- dimensional position of an object.
4-This achievement of Descartes not only established one of the pillars of the
mathematical field analytic geometry, but also had a profound impact on our
lives. For example, in business, the application of analytic geometry can make
complex data and information more intuitive leading to better decision-making.
For example:
in business, the application of analytic geometry can make complex data and
information more intuitive, helping people to better understand market trends
and consumer behavior. Therefore, to master Cartesian coordinate system and
analytic geometry, in today's society, has a high practical value.
What's Thhe Concept and Importance of Ascending Thinking?
1-The concept and importance of ascending thinking refers to
"İn the face of problems, not only need to think from a single dimension,
but should use more dimensions, that is, ascending dimensional thinking to find
solutions".
For example:
-Take Alibaba.com's
employee classification as an example, Alibaba divides employees into four
types, namely,
-stars with good attitude and strong ability, cattle with good attitude and
weak ability, wild dogs with bad attitude and strong ability, and dogs with
poor attitude and weak ability. This kind of classification is typical of one-
dimensional thinking.
-İf we go one step further and introduce a second dimension, such as employee
attitudes or abilities, we can develop a two-dimensional thinking. Alibaba.com's
way approach of to talent management.
-Such as Mengniu founder Niu Gensheng put forward Have virtue and talent, break
the rules reuse; Virtue without talent, cultivate and use; Talent without
virtue, limited employment; No talent, no virtue, no 11 resolute use This is
the specific application of two-dimensional thinking. 11
-Further, If we continue to introduce a third dimension, such as the plasticity
of talent, then we can form a three- dimensional perspective. Alibaba.com's
"cash cow," for example, offers a three-dimensional view of market
share and growth potential.
-Further, we can imagine that if we introduce more dimensions, such as the
fourth, fifth or even more dimensions, we can achieve higher dimensional
thinking. This approach is particularly useful in business scenarios, such as
the famous Boston Matrix, which is a tool based on ascending thinking.
2-Ascending thinking is also very important for personal growth. For example,
we usually think about a person's "ability," but if we introduce the
dimensions of "attitude" and "plasticity," we can
understand a person's development potential more fully. This forms a
three-dimensional talent perspective, which helps us to select and use talents
more accurately.
What is Zero dimension? What is Zero dimension application?
1-The understanding and application of zero dimension (tactical dimension) is a
way of thinking, and its core idea is do the present to the extreme, beautiful
results will naturally appearJust as in geometry, the point is the most basic
and isolated element, and we stay at this point, The question to think about is
how to survive and overcome challenges in such an isolated environment by
studying various tactical problems such as how to gather as much food as
possible and how to defeat the enemy.
2-Zero dimension is tactical dimension and one dimension is strategic
dimension.
3-These are two different ways of thinkingPeople who stand in zero- dimensional
thinking often only see the immediate problem, do not understand what is more
long-term planning and strategy.
A-They may think that so-called strategy is nothing more than a glorification
and summary of the successful person's own experience. They only see their own
specific methods of solving problems, and do not understand the logic and
principles behind these methods.
B-İn contrast, people who stand in one- dimensional thinking have been able to
understand and master some basic strategies and ideas, and they are able to
choose the appropriate path and move toward their goals according to their
expectations for the future. However, they may still lack an understanding of
the larger context and may struggle to make optimal decisions when faced with
complex environments.
C-The two-dimensional (pattern- dimensional) way of thinking goes one step
further, providing a panoramic viewIn this dimension, we can see all the
one-dimensional strategic paths and can choose one or more of them as our guide
to action. A business model is typical of this dimension, which depicts a
complex transaction structure involving a variety of stakeholders.
D-Three-dimensional (innovation dimension) thinking allows us to understand and
promote innovation from a higher level. It goes beyond two- dimensional tactics
and strategy, allowing us to see the innovation potential of the entire
business model, and to find and harness that potential to drive growth and
change in the business.
E-In addition, we need to understand the four (time) and five (probability)
dimensions. Four-dimensional thinking allows us to understand the connections
and effects of events and the decisive role of the forces of time in
determining their outcome. Five-dimensional thinking, on the other hand, allows
us to understand the world in terms of probabilities and behaviors, and what
kinds of behaviors are more likely to bring about the desired outcomes.From the
five dimensional thinking, let you stand higher, see farther.
What is the Concept and Power of Exponential Growth?
1-The concept and power of exponential growth is about a particular kind of
growth rate, characterized by Growing faster and faster, and the longer it goes
on growing, the greater the total amount ofin life, you may have been exposed
to exponential growth, for example, interest on deposits in the bank, compound
interest in mathematical formulas, etc.
2-Take the story of India's prime minister, Sissa Ban Dahir, and chess. King
Shehan wanted to reward Dahir with a limited amount of grain, and Dahir made a
request to fill the chess board with wheat. The number of each cell doubles the
number of the previous cell, which is a typical exponential growth model.
Finally, the amount of wheat calculated is unimaginably large, equivalent to
many times the world's total food production. This is the power of exponential
growth.
3-From a business point of view, the growth of enterprises has a similar
phenomenon. If a company's annual revenue can increase tenfold in four to five
years, then the company can be
called an exponential growth company. This often requires high annual growth
rates that are usually only possible through capital and technology. That's why
tech giants and capitalists are getting richer now.
4-Exponential growth has a huge impact because it follows the logic of context.
In other words, Each of those revenues will be used as principal and invested
in the next round of growth. Only in this way can sustained and ultimately
exponential growth be achieved.
5-However, Although exponential growth can bring economic prosperity and the
accumulation of social wealth, it also brings a problem, that is, the widening gap
between the rich and the poorBecause the result of exponential growth is often
winner-take-all, that is, those who have access to capital, technology and
other resources can get more growth, while those who do not have these
resources can only get very little growth. This leads to an unequal
distribution of wealth in society.
What is the importance of the
Power Law Distribution and the Importance of Track Selection?
1-The importance of power law distribution and track selection is mainly
related to the mathematical concepts of exponents and powers, as well as their
practical applications in real life, especially in the importance of career
selection.
2- In life, we can observe the phenomenon, such as in the catering industry and
the Internet industry, the distribution of employees is closely related to the
power law distribution.
3-The catering industry follows a normal distribution, that is to say, the
capabilities and income levels of employees are relatively dispersed, with no
obvious head effect.
4-The Internet industry is in line with the power-law distribution, that is to
say, the ability and income level of practitioners show a serious inequality,
and a small number of head figures occupy the vast majority of the industry's
wealth.
5-Power-law distributions are characterized by extremely unequal distribution
of wealth, which correlates with the long-term effects of exponential growth.
6-İn an environment of exponential growth, the gap between the stakes held by
the participants becomes larger and larger, resulting in a highly unequal
distribution of wealth.
For example:
Choosing the right track is important.
if you choose an Internet industry that is in line with exponential factor of
productionIn all of them, the most important factor of production is labour, so
the distribution of wealth in these industries follows a normal distribution.
According to Liu" If the two factors of production, capital and
technology, become increasingly important in certain industries, then the
industry tends to be winner-takes-all, in which a small number of people hold
most of the wealth".
What is the definition and calculation of variance?
1-The definition and
calculation of variance involves measuring the degree of data dispersion.
The basic formula is:
-Variance = Average the sum of squares of the difference between each value and
the average divided by the number of observations
For example, when calculating the
variance of the wages of the employees of Company X, we first square the
difference between the employees' wages and the average wages of Company X,Get
-22 ^ 2, 28 ^ 2, 28^2, -12 ^ 2, -22^2, then add these data and divide by the
number of employees 5, that is [(-22)^2 + (28) ^ 2 + (-12)^2] / 5 = 536.
-This gives the variance
The larger the variance value, the greater the fluctuation of the data, which
means the more scattered the data; Conversely, the smaller the variance value,
the smaller the fluctuation of the data, which means the more concentrated the
data.
-By comparing the variance values of Company X and Company Y, we can clearly
find that the wage difference of employees in Company X is much larger than
that in Company Y.
-At the same time, while variance is a great way to understand the differences
in data, we cannot directly compare or compute between the original data and
the variance. This is because the variance and the original data dimensions are
different, the unit of variance is the square of the original data and the
variance.
- This is because the variance and the original data dimensions are different,
the unit of variance is the square of the original data dimension, if the
original data unit is "meta," then the unit of variance is
"square."
2-İn terms of application, Variance is often used in the management of
companies.
3-It helps us to analyze the degree to which employees' salaries are spread
across companies to determine which companies have more stable incomes or which
companies have bigger problems
4- With their pay systemsFor job seekers, variance data can also be considered
and companies with a more concentrated distribution of wages may offer more
stable wages and less risk of volatility.
According to Liu, "Comes from quantifying differences, making management
simple, reduce the difference in that reduction. Narrowing down the differences
that should be narrowed is a concept that sounds a bit mysterious. But in
reality, A lot of management is actually trying to narrow that
difference".
-For example:
Suppose you decide whether to drive or take the subway to work. The average
time to get to the office by car is 23.15 minutes,
but the standard deviation is quite large, which means that the time to get to
the office by car is very erratic and can vary greatly. For example, there was
a 68.27%
probability of being within the mean ± 1 standard deviation of 72 ± 23.15 minutes,
or 48.85 to 95.15 minutes.
This means that there is a 15.87%
chance that you will fail because of traffic jams and other reasons.
-On the other hand, if you take the subway, although the average time is less,
only 1.90 minutes, there is also
a 68.27%
chance that you will arrive within 72 ± 1.90 minutes,
which means that the probability that you will arrive late or early is
relatively low. Even if you don't feel confident and want to be 99% certain,
the subway will still meet your needs, with a 99.73%
chance of getting to the office within 66.30 to 77.70
feel confident and want to be 99% certain, the subway will still meet your
needs, with a 99.73% chance of getting to the
office within 66.30 to 77.70 minutes.
5-İn business operations, The essence of quality is standard deviation.
-Let's say you're a mobile phone brand that has developed a new front-facing
camera phone that requires perforated glass. If the standard deviation of
Facility X is so large that none of the samples are fault- tolerant, they are
not usable.
-Conversely, if the standard deviation of the samples from Site Y is small and
the perforated diameters of all the samples are within the tolerance range, the
product meets the specification.
So how can we improve product quality? The answer is continuous improvement..
-We usually use DPPM (Defective Parts Per Million, The standard deviation
control is good or bad. If a mobile phone manufacturer ships 100 million
phones a year, the Six Sigma quality standard is equivalent to only allowing a
maximum of 340 phones to fail.
How can we use Statistics to Identify Lies in Business?
1-Using statistics to identify lies in business, Primarily to improve our
insight and understanding in the face of statistical Since statistics is a
field that can be easily misunderstood and manipulated, it is especially
important as an entrepreneur to understand the statistical fallac
2-It's not about getting our hands dirty with complex statistical processes,
it's about learning and understand how statistics are interpreted and applied.
3-İn business decisions, we often face a complex and dynamic environment full
of decisions that influence each other.
4-This requires us to understand these in business decisions, we often face a
complex and dynamic environment full of decisions that influence each other.This requires
us to understand these decisions from a statistical perspective.
For example:
if we find that there is suddenly a large gap in the market for a product, if
we decide to go all out on the basis of this data alone, the result is likely
to be a large surplus of the product. This leads to what we call the
fundamental ratio fallacy.
5-İn addition, we need to understand how to use statistical grouping strategies
correctly.
For example:
if you want to understand the market share of a company, especially a large
company, you have to understand how they choose the denominator. Different
denominators may lead to a completely different understanding of market share,
which involves the fallacy of market share calculation.
What is Survivor Bias?
1-Another important concept is survivor bias. This concept reminds us that we
usually only look at the surface of the survivors and ignore the losers This
leads us to make the mistake of generalizing.
2-Just like those successful business cases, are often just survivors of the
business
denominators may lead to a completely different understanding of market share,
which involves the fallacy of market share calculation.
3-Just like those successful business cases, are often just survivors of the
business world, and the real reason for their success is often hidden in those
failed cases.
What is the Origin and Development of Game Theory?
1-Origin and Development of Game Theorylt is mainly about the development of game
theory from a mathematical problem to an important theoretical framework.。
2-Von Neumann and John Nash are important figures in game theory, they not only
put forward the basic concepts of game theory, but also made great
contributions to the field..
3-The basic concepts of game theory include payoff matrix, dominant strategy
and Nash equilibriumin game theory.
3.1. The payoff matrix:
is an important tool that depicts the possible payoffs of decision makers in
the face of different strategic choices.
For example:
in the game of Scissors, both A and B are concerned with their own gains and
losses. Their returns are intertwined to form a matrix of returns. This matrix
helps them to more clearly analyze how to gain an advantage in the game.
3.2.The dominant strategy:
-İn game theory refers to the strategy that is able to be advantageous in any
situation regardles returns are intertwined to form a matrix of returns. This
matrix helps them to more clearly analyze how to gain an advantage in the game.
-The dominant strategy in game theory refers to the strategy that is able to be
advantageous in any situation regardless of which strategy you choose. In some
cases, even if there is a dominant strategy, decision makers may not choose it
because they may be thinking about how to make themselves more stable or more
dominant.
3.3. The Nash equilibrium:
- Refers to the fact that both sides of a game are in a stable state, in which
either side changes its strategy and its own payoffs decrease. Therefore, the Nash
equilibrium is not the best state, but the most stable state.
-A good Nash equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium that is stable in a good state,
while a bad Nash equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium that is stable in a bad
state.
Conclusion
"底层逻辑2: 理解商业世界的本质" serves as an
enlightening guide for business professionals and enthusiasts alike. By
blending mathematical principles with real-world applications, 刘润 equips readers with the
tools necessary to navigate the complexities of today's business environment.
Whether you are looking to enhance your strategic thinking or understand the
deeper dynamics of the market, this book promises valuable insights.
من خلال مقارنة قيم التباين لشركة X وشركة Y، يمكننا أن نجد بوضوح أن فرق الأجور بين الموظفين في شركة X أكبر بكثير مما هو عليه في شركة Y.
في نفس الوقت، في حين أن التباين هو وسيلة رائعة لفهم الفروقات في البيانات، لا يمكننا مقارنتها أو حسابها مباشرة بين البيانات الأصلية والتباين. وذلك لأن أبعاد التباين والبيانات الأصلية مختلفة، وحدة التباين هي مربع الأبعاد الأصلية.
يرجع ذلك إلى أن أبعاد التباين والبيانات الأصلية مختلفة، فإن وحدة التباين هي مربع البعد الأصلي، إذا كانت وحدة البيانات الأصلية "ميتا"، فإن وحدة التباين هي "مربع".
من حيث التطبيق، غالبًا ما يُستخدم التباين في إدارة الشركات.
يساعدنا على تحليل مدى انتشار رواتب الموظفين عبر الشركات لتحديد الشركات التي لديها دخل أكثر استقرارًا أو الشركات التي لديها مشاكل أكبر.
مع أنظمة الأجور الخاصة بهم، يمكن اعتبار بيانات التباين بايدين الباحثين عن عمل، وقد تقدم الشركات التي تتمتع بتوزيع أكثر تركيزًا للرواتب أجورًا أكثر استقرارًا وأقل خطرًا للتقلب.
وفقًا لليو، "يأتي ذلك من قياس الفروقات، مما يجعل الإدارة بسيطة، وتقليل الفروقات في ذلك. الضيق من الفروقات التي يجب تضييقها هو مفهوم يبدو غامضًا بعض الشيء. ولكن في الواقع، تحاول الكثير من الإدارة فعليًا تضييق تلك الفروقات".
على سبيل المثال:
افترض أنك تقرر ما إذا كنت ستقود السيارة أو تأخذ المترو للعمل. متوسط الوقت للوصول إلى المكتب بالسيارة هو 23.15 دقيقة، لكن الانحراف المعياري كبير جدًا، مما يعني أن الوقت للوصول إلى المكتب بالسيارة غير منتظم ويمكن أن يتفاوت كثيرًا. على سبيل المثال، كانت هناك فرصة بنسبة 68.27% أن تكون ضمن المتوسط ± 1 انحراف معياري من 72 ± 23.15 دقيقة، أو من 48.85 إلى 95.15 دقيقة. هذا يعني أن هناك فرصة بنسبة 15.87% أنك ستفشل بسبب الازدحام المروري وأسباب أخرى.
من ناحية أخرى، إذا أخذت المترو، فحتى وإن كان المتوسط أقل، فقط 1.90 دقيقة، إلا أن هناك أيضًا فرصة بنسبة 68.27% أنك ستصل ضمن 72 ± 1.90 دقيقة، مما يعني أن فرصة وصولك متأخرًا أو مبكرًا منخفضة نسبيًا. حتى إذا لم تشعر بالثقة وتريد أن تكون متأكدًا بنسبة 99%، فإن المترو لا يزال يلبي احتياجاتك، مع فرصة تبلغ 99.73% للوصول إلى المكتب خلال 66.30 إلى 77.70 دقيقة.
في العمليات التجارية، جوهر الجودة هو الانحراف المعياري.
لنفترض أنك علامة تجارية للهواتف المحمولة قد طورت هاتفًا جديدًا بكاميرا أمامية يتطلب زجاجًا مثقبًا. إذا كانت قيمة التصميم القياسي للمنشأة X كبيرة لدرجة أن أيًا من العينات ليس قابلًا للاستخدام، فإنها ستكون غير قابلة للاستخدام. ::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::
وعلى العكس، إذا كان الانحراف المعياري للعينات من الموقع Y صغيرًا وقطر الثقوب لجميع العينات ضمن نطاق التحمل، فإن المنتج يفي بالمواصفات. فكيف يمكننا تحسين جودة المنتج؟ الجواب هو التحسين المستمر.
عادةً ما نستخدم DPPM (قطع عاطل لكل مليون)، لضبط الانحراف المعياري بشكل جيد أو سيء. إذا كان مصنع الهواتف الذكية يشحن 100 مليون هاتف سنويًا، فإن معيار جودة Six Sigma يعادل السماح بفشل 340 هاتفًا كحد أقصى فقط.
كيف يمكننا استخدام الإحصائيات لتحديد الأكاذيب في الأعمال؟
1- استخدام الإحصائيات لتحديد الأكاذيب في الأعمال، بشكل أساسي لتحسين بصيرتنا وفهمنا في مواجهة الإحصائيات. نظرًا لأن الإحصائيات مجال يمكن أن يُفهم بسهولة بشكل خاطئ ومُعالج، فإنه من المهم جدًا كريادي أن نفهم صيغ الإحصائيات.
2- المسألة ليست أن نتعامل مع عمليات إحصائية معقدة، بل تتعلق بتعلم وفهم كيفية تفسير وتطبيق الإحصائيات.
3- في قرارات الأعمال، غالبًا ما نواجه بيئة معقدة وديناميكية مليئة بالقرارات التي تؤثر على بعضها البعض.
4- يتطلب منا فهم هذه القرارات من منظور إحصائي.
على سبيل المثال:
إذا وجدنا فجأة فجوة كبيرة في السوق لمنتج ما، إذا قررنا أن نتخذ عملًا كاملًا بناءً على هذه البيانات وحدها، فمن المحتمل أن تكون النتيجة فائضًا كبيرًا من المنتج. هذا يقودنا إلى ما نسميه زيف النسبة الأساسية.
5- بالإضافة إلى ذلك، نحتاج إلى فهم كيفية استخدام استراتيجيات التجميع الإحصائي بشكل صحيح.
على سبيل المثال:
إذا كنت تريد أن تفهم حصة السوق لشركة، خاصة شركة كبيرة، يجب أن تفهم كيف يختارون المقام. قد تؤدي المقامات المختلفة إلى فهم مختلف تمامًا لحصة السوق، مما ينطوي على زيف حساب حصة السوق.
ما هو انحياز البقاء؟
1- مفهوم آخر مهم هو انحياز البقاء. يذكرنا هذا المفهوم بأننا عادةً ما ننظر فقط إلى سطح الناجين ونتجاهل الخاسرين. هذا يؤدي بنا إلى ارتكاب خطأ التعميم.
2- تمامًا مثل تلك الحالات التجارية الناجحة، تكون غالبًا مجرد ناجين من الأعمال.
3- تمامًا مثل تلك الحالات التجارية الناجحة، تكون غالبًا مجرد ناجين من عالم الأعمال، وغالبًا ما يُخفي السبب الحقيقي لنجاحهم في تلك الحالات الفاشلة.
ما هو أصل وتطور نظرية الألعاب؟
1- الأصل والتطور في نظرية الألعاب يتعلق بشكل أساسي بتطور نظرية الألعاب من مشكلة رياضية إلى إطار نظري مهم.
2- يُعتبر فون نيومان وجون ناش شخصيتين مهمتين في نظرية الألعاب، حيث لم يقدما فقط المفاهيم الأساسية لنظرية الألعاب، بل قدما أيضًا مساهمات كبيرة في هذا المجال.
3- تشمل المفاهيم الأساسية لنظرية الألعاب مصفوفة العوائد، واستراتيجية الهيمنة و توازن ناش في نظرية الألعاب.
3.1 - مصفوفة العوائد:
هي أداة مهمة تصور العوائد المحتملة لصناع القرار في مواجهة خيارات استراتيجية مختلفة.
على سبيل المثال:
في لعبة المقص، يهتم كلا من A و B بمكاسبهما وخسائرهما. تتداخل عوائدهم لتكوين مصفوفة مرتجعة. هذه المصفوفة تساعدهم على تحليل كيفية تحقيق ميزة في اللعبة بشكل أكثر وضوحًا.
3.2 - استراتيجية الهيمنة:
في نظرية الألعاب يشير إلى الاستراتيجية التي يمكن أن تكون مفيدة في أي حالة.
3.3 - توازن ناش:
يشير إلى أن كلا طرفي اللعبة في حالة مستقرة، حيث أن أي طرف يغير استراتيجيته ستنقص عوائدهما. لذا فإن توازن ناش ليس أفضل حالة، ولكنه أكثر حالة استقرارًا.
توازن ناش الجيد هو توازن ناش الذي يستقر في حالة جيدة، بينما توازن ناش السيئ هو توازن ناش الذي يستقر في حالة سيئة.
الخاتمة
"底层逻辑2: 理解商业世界的本质" بمثابة دليل مضيء لمحترفي الأعمال والهواة على حد سواء. من خلال دمج المبادئ الرياضية مع التطبيقات العملية، يزود ليو رن القراء بالأدوات اللازمة للتنقل في تعقيدات بيئة الأعمال اليوم. سواء كنت تتطلع إلى تعزيز تفكيرك الاستراتيجي أو فهم الديناميات الأعمق للسوق، فإنه يعدك بأفكار قيمة.
"底层逻辑2: 理解商业世界的本质" يتعمق في المنطق الأساسي الذي يحكم العالم التجاري، ويشجع القراء على التفكير النقدي في المبادئ الأساسية التي تحدد الديناميات التجارية. يركز الكتاب على استغلال reasoning الرياضية لفك تعقيدات التجارة الحديثة.
يبني هذا الجزء على الجزء الأول من خلال تقديم أطر ونماذج إضافية لفهم العمليات التجارية. وعلى مدار الكتاب، يؤكد ليو رن على أهمية التعرف على الأنماط والثوابت ضمن بيئة دائمة التغير.
ReplyForward Add reaction |
- Get link
- X
- Other Apps
Comments
Post a Comment